中文

Base on one field Cast our eyes on the whole world

立足一域 放眼全球

点击展开全部

法律宝库

更多 >>

苹果公司被诉违反DMCA反规避条款

发布时间:2026-06-05 来源:中国知识产权律师网
字号: +-
563

2026年4月3日,Ted Entertainment,Inc.(旗下拥有h3h3 Productions等频道)、Matt Fisher(Mr Short Game Golf频道)和Golfholics,Inc.向美国加州北区联邦地区法院对苹果公司提起集体诉讼。

该起诉状指控苹果公司通过故意规避YouTube的技术保护措施,大规模抓取平台上的版权视频,用于训练其生成式文本转视频人工智能模型。

原告援引了苹果研究团队于2025年发表的一篇论文《STIV:可扩展文本与图像条件视频生成》。该论文承认,其视频生成模型在训练中使用了名为Panda70M的大型数据集。Panda70M本质上是一个包含大量YouTube视频URL链接、标识符和时间戳的索引文件。原告认为,即便苹果只使用了该数据集的链接,但为了获取视频原内容进行训练,其行为本身就已经构成对YouTube反爬机制的规避。

原告声称,其频道的数百个视频出现在Panda70M数据集中,总次数超过500次。他们寻求代表所有“处境相似“的、其视频被苹果用于AI训练的YouTube内容创作者,发起全国性的集体诉讼。

此次诉讼,原告方并未直接选择起诉苹果公司侵犯其版权,而是依据《数字千年版权法》(DMCA)中的反规避条款,即《美国法典》第17编第1201条提起诉讼,该条款的核心规定是:禁止任何人规避一种能“有效控制对受版权保护作品访问”的技术保护措施(TPM)。该条款一方面禁止规避技术保护措施本身,另一方面禁止制造或提供主要用于规避的技术产品或服务。违反该条款仅需证明行为人未经授权绕过了技术壁垒这一行为本身,而无需证明后续的复制行为是否构成版权侵权。

我国关于互联网领域规避技术措施的规定集中在2025年修订的《反不正当竞争法》第十三条,该条规定:“经营者不得以欺诈、胁迫、避开或者破坏技术管理措施等不正当方式,获取、使用其他经营者合法持有的数据,损害其他经营者的合法权益,扰乱市场竞争秩序。”

但是两者不同的是,《美国法典》第1201条是版权法体系的一部分,其保护的法益是著作权人对其作品的技术控制权,本质上是一种财产权保护机制。而我国《反不正当竞争法》第十三条则属于竞争法体系,其保护的法益是市场竞争秩序的公平性以及经营者的竞争利益。它关注的核心问题是:被告的行为是否以不正当手段获取了竞争优势,是否“搭便车”利用了他人投入大量成本形成的经营成果。

举证责任是两者在实践中差异最大的区别。在DMCA第1201条下,权利人无需证明后续的复制行为是否构成版权侵权。这意味着,即使苹果公司能够主张其对视频的使用构成“合理使用”(这是AI公司常用的抗辩理由),只要原告能够证明苹果在获取视频时规避了YouTube的技术保护措施,反规避条款的索赔即可成立。这一“行为本身违法”的构造,显著降低了权利人的举证负担。

而我国《反不正当竞争法》第十三条则没有类似的“行为本身违法”构造。权利人需要证明:原告对数据享有竞争性利益、被告实施了不正当的获取或使用行为、该行为造成了损害后果(如实质性替代、妨碍正常运行等)。虽然近年来司法实践对数据权益的保护日益强化,但举证负担总体上仍高于《美国法典》第1201条下的路径。

法条链接:

17 U.S. Code § 1201 - Circumvention of copyright protection systems

(a)Violations Regarding Circumvention of Technological Measures.—
(1)
(A)No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title. The prohibition contained in the preceding sentence shall take effect at the end of the 2-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this chapter.

(B)The prohibition contained in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to persons who are users of a copyrighted work which is in a particular class of works, if such persons are, or are likely to be in the succeeding 3-year period, adversely affected by virtue of such prohibition in their ability to make noninfringing uses of that particular class of works under this title, as determined under subparagraph (C).

(C)During the 2-year period described in subparagraph (A), and during each succeeding 3-year period, the Librarian of Congress, upon the recommendation of the Register of Copyrights, who shall consult with the Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information of the Department of Commerce and report and comment on his or her views in making such recommendation, shall make the determination in a rulemaking proceeding for purposes of subparagraph (B) of whether persons who are users of a copyrighted work are, or are likely to be in the succeeding 3-year period, adversely affected by the prohibition under subparagraph (A) in their ability to make noninfringing uses under this title of a particular class of copyrighted works. In conducting such rulemaking, the Librarian shall examine—
(i)the availability for use of copyrighted works;
(ii)the availability for use of works for nonprofit archival, preservation, and educational purposes;
(iii)the impact that the prohibition on the circumvention of technological measures applied to copyrighted works has on criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research;
(iv)the effect of circumvention of technological measures on the market for or value of copyrighted works; and
(v)such other factors as the Librarian considers appropriate.

(D)The Librarian shall publish any class of copyrighted works for which the Librarian has determined, pursuant to the rulemaking conducted under subparagraph (C), that noninfringing uses by persons who are users of a copyrighted work are, or are likely to be, adversely affected, and the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to such users with respect to such class of works for the ensuing 3-year period.
(E)Neither the exception under subparagraph (B) from the applicability of the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A), nor any determination made in a rulemaking conducted under subparagraph (C), may be used as a defense in any action to enforce any provision of this title other than this paragraph.

(2)No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that—

(A)is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title;

(B)has only limited commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title; or

(C)is marketed by that person or another acting in concert with that person with that person’s knowledge for use in circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title.

(3)As used in this subsection—

(A)to “circumvent a technological measure” means to descramble a scrambled work, to decrypt an encrypted work, or otherwise to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, or impair a technological measure, without the authority of the copyright owner; and

(B)a technological measure “effectively controls access to a work” if the measure, in the ordinary course of its operation, requires the application of information, or a process or a treatment, with the authority of the copyright owner, to gain access to the work.........

《美国法典》第1201条 规避用于保护版权的技术措施

(a)关于规避技术措施的违法行为
(1)
(A)任何人不得规避有效控制本编项下受保护作品访问的技术措施。前句所载禁令自本章颁布之日起满2年生效。
(B)第(A)项所载禁令不适用于特定类别版权作品的用户,只要根据第(C)项的认定,这些用户正在或可能在此后3年期间内,因该禁令而影响其根据本编对该特定类别作品进行非侵权性使用的能力。
(C)在第(A)项所述的2年期间内,以及此后每3年期间,国会图书馆馆长应根据版权登记官的建议(版权登记官应与商务部通信与信息助理部长协商,并在提出建议时报告和评述其意见),通过规则制定程序,为第(B)项目的,认定作为版权作品用户的人员是否正在或可能在此后3年期间内,因第(A)项禁令而影响其根据本编对特定类别版权作品进行非侵权性使用的能力。进行该规则制定时,图书馆馆长应审查:
(i)版权作品的获取可用性;
(ii)作品用于非营利性存档、保存和教育目的的获取可用性;
(iii)禁止规避适用于版权作品的技术措施对批评、评论、新闻报道、教学、学术或研究的影响;
(iv)规避技术措施对版权作品市场或价值的影响;以及
(v)图书馆馆长认为适当的其他因素。
(D)图书馆馆长应公布其根据第(C)项规则制定认定非侵权性使用正在或可能受到不利影响的任何类别版权作品,并且第(A)项所载禁令在随后的3年期间内不适用于此类作品的该等用户。
(E)第(B)项关于第(A)项禁令适用范围的例外,或根据第(C)项规则制定作出的任何认定,均不得用作在本编本款之外的其他任何条款执行诉讼中的抗辩理由。

(2)任何人不得制造、进口、向公众提供、提供或以其他方式交易任何技术、产品、服务、设备、组件或其部件,如果:
(A)其主要设计或制造目的是规避有效控制本编项下受保护作品访问的技术措施;
(B)除规避有效控制本编项下受保护作品访问的技术措施外,仅有有限商业意义的目的或用途;或
(C)由该人或与其协同行动的其他人以该人明知的方式营销,用于规避有效控制本编项下受保护作品访问的技术措施。

(3)在本款中使用的术语:
(A)“规避技术措施”指在未经版权所有人授权的情况下,对加扰作品进行解扰、对加密作品进行解密,或以其他方式避开、绕过、移除、停用或损害技术措施;以及
(B)技术措施在正常操作过程中,要求经版权所有人授权运用信息、工艺或处理才能访问作品,则该技术措施“有效控制对作品的访问”。

没有了 下一篇下一篇

评论

在线咨询